Prioritizing sponge city sites in rapidly urbanizing watersheds using multi-criteria decision model

Spatial planning is crucial for sponge city (SC) construction; however, prioritizing SC sites at the watershed scale has not been fully explored. In this study, a multi-criteria decision model, considering demand and suitability of construction, was established by monitoring, model simulation, index calculation. This new then tested in rapidly urbanizing watershed, Beijing, China, priority construction both grid (1km×1km) subwatershed ranked. The results showed that highest found emerging regions where urbanization ongoing followed urban core areas. addition, six indexes were identified clustering heatmaps as key factors affecting planning, including topographic index, water pollution rate based on state standard surface environment quality, levels, vegetation which could guide data-lacking regions. approach findings study cannot only provide helpful references managers planners but also can be easily used other